Milestones in the development of Ayurveda
Over 1000 BC of years old, Ayurveda was derived from the Vedas, the compendium of ancient Indian knowledge. The Atharvaveda, or “fourth Veda” (1500-1000 BC) also mentions many medicinal plants and concepts from Ayurveda. The CharakaSamhita(1000 BC), SushrutaSamhita(1000 BC) AshtangaHridayaSamhitaare the original texts of Ayurveda. These three texts, known as "the great triad" (brhattraya), Sushruta (The Father of Surgery) & Vagbhata are the authers respectively.The AshtangaHridayaSamhitareached Tibet, probably through Nepal, in the 11th century AD.In Hindu mythology, the origin of ayurvedic medicine is attributed to the physician of the gods,
Acharya Charak (600 BCE) - Father Of Medicine
The CharakSaṃhita is an early text on It is believed to be the oldest of the three ancient treatises of Ayurveda. It is central to the modern-day practice of Ayurvedic medicine and along with the SushrutaSamhita it is identified as an important source of medical understanding and practice in antiquity. According to Charaka's translations health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort and attention to lifestyle. As per Indian heritage and science of Ayurvedic system, prevention of all types of diseases have a more prominent place than treatment, including restructuring of life style to align with the course of nature and four seasons, which will guarantee complete wellness. A physicianwho fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of knowledge and understanding can never treat disease. He should first study all the factors, including environment, which influence a patient's disease, and then prescribe treatment. It is more important to prevent the occurrence of disease than to seek a cure. These remarks appear obvious today, though they were often not heeded, and were made by Charaka, in his famous Ayurvedic treatise CharakaSamhita. The treatise contains many such remarks which are held in reverence even today. Some of them are in the fields of physiology, etiology and embryology. Charaka was the first physician to present the concept of digestion, metabolism and immunity. According to his translations of the Vedas, a body functions because it contains three dosha or principles, namely movement (vata), transformation (pitta) and lubrication and stability (kapha). The doshas are also sometimes called humours, namely, bile, phlegm and wind. These dosha are produced when dhatus (blood, flesh and marrow) act upon the food eaten. For the same quantity of food eaten, one body, however, produces dosha in an amount different from another body. That is why one body is different from another. For instance, it is more weighty, stronger, more energetic. Further, illness is caused when the balance among the three dosha in a human body is disturbed. To restore the balance he prescribed medicinal drugs. Although he was aware of germs in the body, he did not give them any importance. Charaka knew the fundamentals of genetics. For instance, he knew the factors determining the sex of a child. A genetic defect in a child, like lameness or blindness, he said, was not due to any defect in the mother or the father, but in the ovum or sperm of the parents (an accepted fact today). AcharyaCharak has been crowned as the Father of Medicine. His renowned work, the “CharakSamhita”, is considered as an encyclopedia of Ayurveda. His principles, diagnoses, and cures retain their potency and truth even after a couple of millennia. When the science of anatomy was confused with different theories in Europe ,AcharyaCharak revealed through his innate genius and enquiries the facts on human anatomy, embryology, pharmacology, blood circulation and diseases like diabetes, tuberculosis, heart disease, etc. In the ” CharakSamhita ” he has described the medicinal qualities and functions of 100,000 herbal plants. He has emphasized the influence of diet and activity on mind and body. He has proved the correlation of spirituality and physical health contributed greatly to diagnostic and curative sciences. He has also prescribed and ethical charter for medical practitioners two centuries prior to the Hippocratic oath. Through his genius and intuition, AcharyaCharak made landmark contributions to Ayurveda. He forever remains etched in the annals of history as one of the greatest and noblest of rishi-scientists. Unique scientific contributions credited to the CharakSaṃhitā include 1) A rational approach to the causation and cure of disease. 2) Introduction of objective methods of clinical examination. The Object of Ayurveda to protect health of the healthy and to alleviate the disorders in the diseased.
Sushruta is the father of Surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery. Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipment were used. Deep knowledge of anatomy, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts. He describes over 125 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories. It discusses the use of surgical devices such as tourniquets and setting plasters, and surgical tools and procedures. Instruments described in the SushrutaSamhita were further modified in the Western World.Operations are described for amputations, hemorrhoids, hernia repair, eye surgery, and Cesarean section. An operation using skin flaps, for example, to repair a nose, was also described in Sushruta. The procedure was observed in India by a British surgeon in 1793 and published in London the following year, thus changing the course of plastic surgery in Europe. Sushrutha is also the father of Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery since his technique of forehead flap rhinoplasty (repairing the disfigured nose with a flap of skin from the forehead),that he used to reconstruct noses that were amputated as a punishment for crimes, is practiced almost unchanged in technique to this day. The SusruthaSamhita contains the first known description of several operations, including the uniting of bowel, the removal of the prostate gland, the removal of cataract lenses and the draining of abscesses. Susrutha was also the first surgeon to advocate the practice of operations on inanimate objects such as watermelons, clay plots and reeds; thus predating the modern practice of the surgical workshop by half a millenium. British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasty being performed by native methods. Reports on Indian rhinoplasty were published in the Gentleman's Magazinein 1794.Sushruta’s coverage of toxicology (the study of poisons) is more extensive than that in Charaka, and goes into great detail regarding symptoms, first-aid measures, and long-term treatment, as well as classification of poisons and methods of poisoning. He lived and taught and practiced his art on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Varanasi in North India. Many of the complicated procedures for dissolving, macerating, extracting, and combusting a variety of solid, squashy, and liquid substances remain part of modern Ayurvedic pharmacological practice. Because of his seminal and numerous contributions to the science and art of surgery he is also known by the title “Father of Surgery.”
Work of Vagbhata is undoubtedly of very great importance for us, for it is a direct connecting link between India and Tibetan medical literature. AshtangaHridayaSamhita earned
priority among Indian Ayurvedic scholars. It presents a more systematized method of medical therapy.
Today, at a time of electronic networking, the AshtangaHridayaSamhita has been released as e-text onto the Internet in the Indology Archive for scholarly use.
“Direct observation is the most remarkable feature of Ayurveda, though at times it is mixed up with metaphysics. The Saṃhitā emphasizes that of all types of evidence the most dependable ones are those that are directly observed by the eyes. In Ayurveda successful medical treatment crucially depends on four factors: the physician, substances (drugs or diets), nurse and patient. The qualifications of physician are: clear grasp of the theoretical content of the science, a wide range of experience, practical skill and cleanliness; qualities of drugs or substances are: abundance, applicability, multiple use and richness in efficacy; qualifications of the nursing attendant are: knowledge of nursing techniques, practical skill, attachment for the patient and cleanliness; and the essential qualifications of the patients are: good memory, obedience to the instructions of the doctors, courage and ability to describe the symptoms.”
Ayurveda clinical practice is becoming more standardized and Ayurveda pharmaceutical companies are now adhering to regulatory norms. Ayurveda is based on the dosha, dhatu, mala, Thus, the logic is to evoke a healing response from the body itself rather than trying to suppress the disease manifestation.
However, it was more than just human medicine; it also included the study of animal disorders, (Mrugayurvedam) and plant diseases, (Vrukshayurvedam).
A Holistic Science
Ayurveda is based on an individual approach to correct imbalances before they develop into diseases. It's a science of wellness for one’s health - both physical and mental. Roughly translating as 'knowledge of life', Ayurveda seeks to promote health and well-being by sustaining the ayush or life principle and prescribing therapeutic solutions to health-related problems.
Being a holistic healing science, Ayurveda has always recognized diseases to be having both physical and psychological components. This truth has been accepted by modern medicine only now. Also, the fact that diseases are not caused by the mere presence of disease-causing organisms in the internal or external environment, but rather due to the weakening of the body's defense mechanisms, was propounded by Ayurveda long before even the microscope was invented and consequently followed by the discovery of microbes. Ayurveda has had a futuristic approach right from the beginning.
There has been a paradigm shift in recent years with healthcare and medical professionals focusing on preventive medicine along with therapeutic medicine. The concept of working towards developing an overall sense of well being in individuals is gaining grounds rather than merely keeping people disease free. Since Ayurveda remedies boost the natural defense mechanisms of the body, they play a vital role in preventive medicine. Studies have shown that a very large number of diseases are actually due to faulty dietary habits or erratic lifestyles. Simple things such as reverting back to healthy eating, resting adequately, and exercising regularly can really go a long way in restoring health.
Healing with Ayurveda
Treating patients individualistically by virtue of the diversity of its repertoire, this system of medicine provides quick relief and long lasting cures safely, reliably, painlessly, non-invasively, and cost-effectively. Ayurveda was never limited to mere herbal practice. It uses a vast range of natural products of herbal, mineral and animal origin. Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments. Hundreds of plant-based medicines are employed, including cardamom and cinnamon. Some animal products may also be used, for a of pharmaceutics, which includes detoxification processes, oxidation and reduction processes for the bioavailability and mostly the drugs are used in combinations that the desired effect is achieved. Unlike medicines from other medical systems that target only the disease-causing germs or aim to offer symptomatic relief, Ayurveda medicines act upon the immune system and restorative energies of the body so that it heals itself.
While other systems of medicine simply suppress symptoms and treat the body in parts, Ayurveda recognizes the body as a unified whole of physical as well as psychological components and confronts the problem from deep within. This is why it offers hope to many cases deemed 'incurable' by other medical systems. "AcharyaVagbhata"has successfully treated numerous such difficult cases using the goodness of Ayurveda.
Go ahead and experience for yourself the benefits of this wonderful Science and Art of Ayurveda!
• Ayurveda works by analyzing the function of body and prevent any disease resulting from it. It understands the relationship of mind and body and treats the illness resulting from bad synchronization of two. Each and every individual has different body types and Ayurveda treats the ailment according to the body type of individual.
Ayurveda is a perfect stress buster and tries to reduce it as much as possible. It creates a perfect balance between body and mind. Ayurveda provides energy by the following activities:
- • Yoga
- • Meditation
- • Massage
- • Various Breathing Exercises
It treats the ailments through herbal medicines without leaving any side effects. Ayurveda is a way of life and brings you more close to nature and even closer to God.
The biggest advantage of Ayurveda is that irrespective of the number of organs or systems involved, only a single remedy needs to be given at a time or the constitutional remedy that covers the entire case. Ayurveda remedies are easy to take with no special dietary or lifestyle restrictions, unless a particular disease calls for them.
Additionally, Ayurveda is against animal testing as this tends to harm them irrevocably or kills them. Ayurveda remedies, being infinitesimally small doses, are absolutely safe and therefore directly tested on healthy human beings through a scientific process called drug proving. Another benefit is that while animal testing only provides information about structural pathologies, Ayurveda drug proving enables recording of even mental and emotional symptoms.
Effective, safe and gentle treatment
The curative effects and the symptomatology of every Ayurveda medicine are proven only on healthy human beings, not rats and rabbits, making Ayurveda uniquely reliable. Ayurveda medicines are prepared by a complex process of pharmaceutics, which includes detoxification processes, oxidation and reduction processes for the bioavailability and mostly the drugs are used in combinations that the desired effect is achieved so as to liberate its healing bioenergies whilst getting rid of its ability to produce any side-effects. Being infinitesimally small doses, these medicines do not produce any adverse reactions even when taken for prolonged periods of time and can therefore be safely given even to babies, children, and elderly people.
Rasa shastra, the practice of adding metals, minerals or gems to herbs, is a source of toxic heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic. Adverse reactions to herbs due to their pharmacology are described in traditional ayurvedic texts, but ayurvedic practitioners are reluctant to admit that herbs could be toxic and the reliable information on herbal toxicity is not readily available.
A 2004 study found such toxic metals in 20% of ayurvedic preparations that were made in South Asia for sale around Boston and extrapolated the data to the United States more broadly. It concluded that excess consumption of these products could cause health risks. A 2008 study of more than 230 products found that approximately 20% of remedies (and 40% of rasa shastra medicines) purchased over the Internet from both US and Indian suppliers contained lead, mercury or arsenic.
Traditionally the toxicity of these materials are believed to be reduced through purification processes such as samskarasorshodhanas (for metals), which is similar to the Chinese paozhi, although the ayurvedic technique is more complex and may involve prayers as well as physical pharmacy techniques.
One medical journal reported: Crude aconite is an extremely lethal substance, yet ayurveda looks upon it as a therapeutic entity. Crude aconite is always processed, i.e. it undergoes 'samskaras' before being utilised in the ayurvedic formulations. This study was undertaken in mice, to ascertain whether "processed" aconite is less toxic as compared to the crude or unprocessed one. It was seen that crude aconite was significantly toxic to mice (100% mortality at a dose of 2.6 mg/mouse) whereas the fully processed aconite was absolutely non-toxic (no mortality at a dose even 8 times as high as that of crude aconite). Further, all the steps in the processing were essential for complete detoxification.
Following concerns about metal toxicity, the Government of India ruled that ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product. The harmful effects of the samples is attributed in part to the adulterated raw material and lack of workers trained in traditional medicine. In a letter to the Indian Academy of Sciences, director of the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of PunePatwardhanBhushan stated that the metal adulteration is due to contamination and carelessness during the much faster modern manufacturing processes, and does not occur with traditional methods of preparation.
Patient-friendly and convenient
Ayurveda is a complete system of medicine that assists the natural tendency of the human body to heal itself. Ayurveda medicines being easy to administer, non-invasive and free of side-effects, are extremely convenient for the patient and therefore command better patient compliance. They are absolutely safe even if taken for prolonged periods of time. Unlike other medical systems where many drugs need to be administered to treat multiple symptoms in a single patient, Ayurveda advocates the administration of a single remedy that is capable of treating all the disease symptoms in a particular patient. It is a subtle yet effective therapy that can correct small imbalances long before the appearance of the more serious symptoms that indicate the onset of a particular disease. The doctor-patient relationship is vital in Ayurveda, where the Ayurveda becomes a friend, philosopher, and guide to the patient, a healer as well as a preserver of good health.
Cost-effective treatment
Ayurveda treatment is extremely cost-effective in the long run especially keeping in mind that treatment is sought for chronic diseases that need long-term treatment. Ayurveda believes in employing a single remedy, in minimum dose and minimal repetition when treating any patient. Since Ayurveda medicines are prepared after a complex process of pharmaceutics, which includes detoxification processes, oxidation and reduction processes for the bioavailability and mostly the drugs are used in combinations that the desired effect is achieved. Preparation costs are also low. Ayurveda medicines are therefore inexpensive as compared to medicines from the other medical systems. Moreover, Ayurveda also obviates the need for surgery in a number of conditions such as warts, piles, fissures, tonsillitis, ovarian cysts and kidney stones for which patient may otherwise have to pay up a lot for conventional treatment methods.